Provide an analgesic trial and titration appropriate to the estimated intensity of pain based on the above, analgesic history, and prior assessment.

• Mild to moderate pain--nonopioid analgesic may be given initially (e.g. acetaminophen 500 to 1000 every 6 hours for 24 hours.)
• If behaviors improve (as documented on observational assessment tools), assume pain was cause and continue analgesic and add appropriate non-pharmacologic interventions.
• If behaviors continue (and scores on observational assessment tools remain unchanged), consider a single low dose, short-acting opioid (e.g. hydrocodone, oxycodone, or morphine) and observe the effect.
• If no change in behavior (and no change in scores on observational assessment tools) within 24 hours, titrate dose upward by 25% to 50% and observe effect.
• Continue to titrate upward until a therapeutic effect is seen, bothersome side effects occur, or no benefit is determined.
• Explore other potential causes if behaviors continue after reasonable analgesic trial.